''Astropecten irregularis'' is a

sea star Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea (). Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or basket stars. Starfish a ...

of the family Astropectinidae. Common names include Sand sea star (A. i. pontoporeus).Jones, Georgina. ''A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula.'' SURG, Cape Town, 2008.

Habitat and behaviour

Starfishes of genus Astropecten live on mobile seabed (sandy, muddy or gravel seabed) and they remain largely buried under sediment during the day. During the late afternoon and the night starfishes go out to hunt mainly bivalve molluscs, which are their favourite preys. ''Astropecten irregularis'' it's a very common species in all kind of mobile seabed from 1 to about 1.000 m deep. This species is active and easy to find during the night, sometimes it is possible to find it in the late afternoon.

Description

This species live in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean, but the two populations show differences in superomarginal plates. In particular, the specimens of Mediterranean have superomarginal plates devoid of spines (they are considered by some author as the subspecies Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus) while Atlantic populations are provided with one spine for each superomarginal plates (they are considered by some authors as the subspecies Astropecten irregularis irregularis) or more spines (they are considered by some authors as the subspecies Astropecten irregularis serratus and by some others as a variety of Astropecten irregularis irregularis). This starfish has a well-developed and raised superomarginal plates and the specimens in the Mediterranean are totally devoid of spines. The inferomarginal plates are short, thin, fine-spines, highly mobile and white colour. Astropecten irregularis doesn’t keep these spines rigid and parallel to each other as the other species do. The arms make up among them, at their base where they join the disc, a very clean corner. The colour of aboral side is pink homogeneous, often violet in towards the end of the arms and sometimes there are many small darker spots in the central disc. Sometimes it has a bulge on centre of the disc that is highly developed in this species. This bulge protrudes from the sediment where the animal is hidden and it has respiratory functions (called "aboral-cone”). Usually it has diameter of about 10–12 cm with a maximum of 19 cm. It's a very common species in all kind of mobile seabed from 1 to about 1,000 m deep. Usually this starfish can be distinguished easily and safely from the others species of Mediterranean for superomarginal plates devoid of spines and from colour. Sometime it is confused with Astropecten aranciacus for the similar colour, but it’s always possible to distinguish the two species by a closer inspection of superomarginal plates and inferomarginal spines or by observations of the colour of the paxillae.

Feeding

Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus Trieste07 5234

This sea star is a

carnivore A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other s ...

and feeds on molluscs, which it catches with its arms and then takes to the mouth. The prey is then trapped by the long, moving prickles around the mouth cavity.

Synonymised taxa

*''Asterias aranciaca'' O.F. Mueller, 1776 (Synonym according to Sladen (1889))Mah, C.; Hansson, H. (2013). Astropecten irregularis (Pennant, 1777). In: Mah, C.L. (2013). World Asteroidea database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123867 on 2013-09-18 *''Astropecten acicularis'' Norman, 1865 (synonym according to Sladen (1889)) *''Astropecten aurantiaca'' Forbes, 1841 (synonym according to Perrier (1875)) *''Astropecten hispidus'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 (synonym according to Doderlein (1917)) *''Astropecten muelleri'' Müller & Troschel, 1844 (synonym) *''Astropecten muelleri'' Düben, 1845 (Synonym according to Doderlein (1917)) *''Astropecten pontoporeus'' Sladen, 1883 (Subspecies according to Doderlein (1917))

Subspecies

*''Astropecten irregularis irregularis'' (Pennant, 1777) *''Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus'' (Delle Chiaje, 1827) *''Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus'' Sladen, 1883 *''Astropecten irregularis serratus'' (Müller & Troschel, 1842)

References

Roberto Pillon (2009). Astropecten of the Mediterranean Sea
* Koehler, Réné. 1921. ''Faune de France. Echinodermes''. * Tortonese, Enrico. 1965. ''Fauna d'Italia. Echinodermata''. * Ludwig, Hubert. 1897. ''Die Seesterne des Mittelmeeres. Zoologischen station zu Neapel''.

External links

Downloadable WoRMS: Roberto Pillon (2009). Astropecten of the Mediterranean Sea

Downloadable WoRMS: Roberto Pillon (2009). Orientarsi in un mare di stelle

DORIS

WoRMS

SeaLifeBase

Naturamediterraneo

MarLIN

Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland

Mer et littoral
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1749115 Astropecten Animals described in 1777